Plato, Artistotle and Thucydides - 1959 Words

PLATO, ARISTOTLE AND THUCYDIDES Thucydides was an Athenian historian, general and political philosopher son of Olorus. He is considered as the father of the school of political realism. This is because he viewed the relations between countries as basing on might instead of right. Thucydides exhibited interest in developing an understanding of the human nature to seek explanations of behavior in crises such as plague, massacres, as in that of the Malians, and civil war (Dover, Thucydides: 105b, 22-31) . Another philosopher was Aristotle. He was born in 384 BCE in Stagirus, northern Greece. His father was Nicomachus who died when Aristotle was still a child. The two men provide good information on democracy and ancient politics (Barker, The political thought of Plato and Aristotle 112a:34-42). In radical democracies, the interests of the poor are paramount; Aristotle, therefore, argues that democracy is not the best form of government. He states that oligarchy and monarchy are also not the best forms of governments. According to him, rule in democracy benefits those people who are named in the government type and it is for the needy. In a democratic state, rule is by the needy and for the needy. Aristocracy is a better type of government because the ruler has the interest of the country at his heart. He says that a nation ought to be ruled by people who have enough time and are willing to pursue virtue. This is different from current leaders who are career politicians whose

Essay on the May 4th Movement Free Essays

Geoffrey Lee 6. 16 Macedonia History Essay To what extent do you agree with the assertion that May 4th 1919 was one of the most significant dates in Chinese history. The May 4th movement in 1919 was a significant date in Chinese history to a very large extent. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on the May 4th Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will attempt to justify this claim by explaining the short-term effects of the M4M and more importantly the long-term effects. The year 1919 is a significant year as it was the year right after World War 1 (WW1) had ended; hence many war-settlement treaties were signed. One of these would be the Treaty of Versailles (TOV) which involved China. The M4M was a movement that had begun from the rise of sentiments of democracy and nationalism. Previously, China had been ruled by a single ruler where traditional culture and Confucianism dominated the nation. However after WW1 and the influx of western ideas and ideologies, thus many youth in China begin to call for a demolition of the previous culture and Confucianism, and to replace it with a new culture and direction. This movement was headed by large forms of mass advertising through the use of the New Youth and many other magazines. This increase of national sentiments led to the Chinese demanding that their government to oppose the Japanese 21 demands on Yuan Shikai’s government and it also saw the emergence of the new merchants and labour class. With all these demonstrations and national sentiments, China was in a period of disorder and lawlessness, which was similar to that during the warlord era in the 1800s. In the short-term, the M4M was a significant date in Chinese history to a small extent as it resulted in many strikes and demonstrations throughout China to occur. Students demonstrated in the capital of Beijing while many other occupants such as shopkeepers, industrial workers and other urban employees joined in the strikes and demonstrated in other key cities in China such as in Shanghai. The demonstration also saw a nationwide boycott of Japanese goods in an attempt to show Yuan Shikai to reject the Japanese demands to make China a Japanese protectorate. Also, the government of China was forced into rejecting the terms of the TOV which angered the West. This resulted in massive violence throughout the nation which did the Chinese no good and it aggravated ties between China and the West. In the long-term, the M4M was a significant date in Chinese history to a very large extent as it resulted not only in many cultural changes, but most importantly; it changed the political scene in China. The M4M gave birth to political activism where the people called for the end of a single ruler, but instead to have a democratic government. This surge of political activism was propelled by the education of the youths who believed that they would transform China. The youths emphasized heavily on the destruction of China’s traditional culture which was based on Confucianism, and they assumed that Western thought and civilisation was the way forward. This led to the reorganisation of the Guomindang (GMD) which saw Sun Yatsen calling on the Soviet Union. This also led to the founding of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The CCP was founded as a result of the increased appeal of Marxism-Leninism, which proved to be very successful in the Soviet Union. These 2 political groups would later take over the whole of the Chinese political scene and would later oppose one another in their attempt to dominate the Chinese government, which would result in massive killings of one another. However these 2 parties would combine forces during the World War 2 (WW2) period to fight off the Japanese imperialism which ensured that China would not fall into the hands of the Japanese. Hence this proved that the M4M was indeed a significant date in the history of China to the largest extent. In conclusion, it can be agreed that the M4M was one of the most significant dates in the history of China simply due to the fact that it was through the M4M that both the GMD underwent a massive reform, and at the same time, the birth of the CCP was witnessed. The combination of these 2 factors proved to be significant as without the formation of either party, China would have suffered much more detrimentally in WW2 as it was only through the surge of nationalism of the Chinese, and the combined forces of the GMD and the CCO that China managed to fight off the Japanese. How to cite Essay on the May 4th Movement, Essays

Industrial and Organizational Psychology- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theIndustrial and Organizational Psychology forAbsenteeism. Answer: Introduction Employee stress level increases illness, absenteeism which in turn decreases morale, negatively impacting business productivity (Ganster Rosen, 2013). Robert Half, 76% of Singaporean CFOs expect the stress level of their finance staff to rise over the next three years. Ms Ng, the Finance Manager of SS Pte Ltd, has asked to give a talk to its finance executives. The talk would be outlining possible stressors (organizational and individual), faced by finance executives, as well as possible coping strategies (organizational and individual) that finance executives can employ to deal with stress. The scope of this analysis deals with the talk that will be provided across to employees. Analysis High competitive business environment with prolonged working hours has been associated with growing stress levels at workplace (Griffin, et.al., 2010). Stress has been associated with negative impacts on an employees well-being and organization productivity as well. While there remains plenty of factor that causes stress within the organization environment, some can be categorized as job related factors, role related factors, interpersonal or group related factors. Other factors include organizational structural factors, organizational leadership factors, and organization life style factors along with individual stressors. Job related factors can include characterizes of the job by itself that can cause anxiety or stress. In case of hazardous jobs or job being too dull or boring, duties being strenuous, lacking job security or having too much of job overload (Anitha, 2014). Role related factors can create stress in case there is a role conflict, role ambiguity or role overload. In an y of these cases an individual is expected to do too many things that can add to stress or even burnout. Interpersonal and group related factors can be a source of constant stress. In case of group conflict, unpleasant relationship, poor communications and fear of being ostracized can lead to lack of social support from senior managers or colleagues leading to stress. Organizational structural factors as rules and regulations, differentiation can lead to organization stress. Organizations leadership factors can also add to cultural characteristics creating anxiety, tension and fear. Organizations life cycle is an integral factor that can create enormous amounts of stress. An organization at a mature state is bound to create lesser amounts of stress compared to those at their declining stage (Avey, Luthans Jensen, 2009). Individual stressors within the organization can arise in case an individual works for 14 to 16 hours a day. Factors that are related to individual stressors can be from job concerns, changes made to career, relocating, economic problems, changes in life structure, and pace of life, traumas, personality and ability to cope with changes. Job security is a major concern that can create anxiety or frustration on the prospects over losing a job, especially in cases of family obligations or social obligations. Relocation, which has become another mandatory aspect of globalization, disrupts routine life causing stress. Employees experiencing burn out or chronically frustrated and stressed are more prone to illness and absenteeism, and generally show signs of decreased morale which all negatively impact business productivity. Therefore, an organization has to create ways and means that can allow handling or coping with such stress situations to reduce impact on the organization. Individual and organizational strategies that allow a person cope and deal with stress. Individuals can combat stress by adopting strategies at individual level as well as at organizational levels. There are three basic procedures for stress management strategies that has negative effects on persons behaviour and his performance (Ton Huckman, 2008). Identification of stressors that affect ways in which stressors impacts individual behaviours and performances. Third step involves including constructive measures to cope with stress. Problem focused strategy helps identify core reason for stress and then modifying stressors. These strategies are based on time management, requesting others to help in coping with stress and final measure involves changing to another job. Emotion focused strategy involves controlling emotions such that they are not negatively affected by stress factors. They include exercise, relaxation, recreation, psychological strategies and companionship. Organizational strategies for overcoming stress and increasing employee productivity involves problem focused strategies and emotion focused strategies. Problem based strategies involves redesigning of the job, appropriate selection of placement such that employee has to deal with minimum changes, training of employees such that they are ready to take up challenges of the job, team building and providing day care facilities for women candidates. Emotion based strategies are focused on open lines of communicating within the organization, which provides a conducive culture to address employee challenges. Mentoring and employee assistance program that typically addresses issues an employee is facing. Such programs greatly benefits employees, as they feel that the organization cares for them. Wellness programs or allowing for personal time off can greatly reduce individual levels stress. Employees can feel relaxed in various manners in case organization allows some time off for their per sonal wellness and indulging in activities that tone down their nerve levels. Recommendations and Conclusion Organizational stress has become a major deterrent of organizational productivity across multiple organizations. Organizations are working in various manners to ensure that employees feel less levels of stress to reduce absenteeism and turnover from work. There are multiple factors that are conducive to stress levels amongst individuals in organization that causes stress. While individual factors have separate methodologies to deal with stress, organizational methods are considered more effective in nature. When organization reduces stress they are considered to be more effective in nature as it has a positive effect on employee commitment. This in turn is beneficial for the organization as it is seen to indirectly enhance organization retention. Reference Lists Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management,63(3), 308. Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., Jensen, S. M. (2009). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover.Human resource management,48(5), 677-693. Ganster, D. C., Rosen, C. C. (2013). Work stress and employee health: A multidisciplinary review.Journal of Management,39(5), 1085-1122. Griffin, M. L., Hogan, N. L., Lambert, E. G., Tucker-Gail, K. A., Baker, D. N. (2010). Job involvement, job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment and the burnout of correctional staff.Criminal Justice and behavior,37(2), 239-255. Staff Reporter, (2017, Jun 17). HR Education. Singapore Business Review. Retrieved from : https://sbr.com.sg/hr-education/news/top-4-causes-workplace-stress-in-singapore Ton, Z., Huckman, R. S. (2008). Managing the impact of employee turnover on performance: The role of process conformance.Organization Science,19(1), 56-68.