Plato, Artistotle and Thucydides - 1959 Words

PLATO, ARISTOTLE AND THUCYDIDES Thucydides was an Athenian historian, general and political philosopher son of Olorus. He is considered as the father of the school of political realism. This is because he viewed the relations between countries as basing on might instead of right. Thucydides exhibited interest in developing an understanding of the human nature to seek explanations of behavior in crises such as plague, massacres, as in that of the Malians, and civil war (Dover, Thucydides: 105b, 22-31) . Another philosopher was Aristotle. He was born in 384 BCE in Stagirus, northern Greece. His father was Nicomachus who died when Aristotle was still a child. The two men provide good information on democracy and ancient politics (Barker, The political thought of Plato and Aristotle 112a:34-42). In radical democracies, the interests of the poor are paramount; Aristotle, therefore, argues that democracy is not the best form of government. He states that oligarchy and monarchy are also not the best forms of governments. According to him, rule in democracy benefits those people who are named in the government type and it is for the needy. In a democratic state, rule is by the needy and for the needy. Aristocracy is a better type of government because the ruler has the interest of the country at his heart. He says that a nation ought to be ruled by people who have enough time and are willing to pursue virtue. This is different from current leaders who are career politicians whose

Essay on the May 4th Movement Free Essays

Geoffrey Lee 6. 16 Macedonia History Essay To what extent do you agree with the assertion that May 4th 1919 was one of the most significant dates in Chinese history. The May 4th movement in 1919 was a significant date in Chinese history to a very large extent. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on the May 4th Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will attempt to justify this claim by explaining the short-term effects of the M4M and more importantly the long-term effects. The year 1919 is a significant year as it was the year right after World War 1 (WW1) had ended; hence many war-settlement treaties were signed. One of these would be the Treaty of Versailles (TOV) which involved China. The M4M was a movement that had begun from the rise of sentiments of democracy and nationalism. Previously, China had been ruled by a single ruler where traditional culture and Confucianism dominated the nation. However after WW1 and the influx of western ideas and ideologies, thus many youth in China begin to call for a demolition of the previous culture and Confucianism, and to replace it with a new culture and direction. This movement was headed by large forms of mass advertising through the use of the New Youth and many other magazines. This increase of national sentiments led to the Chinese demanding that their government to oppose the Japanese 21 demands on Yuan Shikai’s government and it also saw the emergence of the new merchants and labour class. With all these demonstrations and national sentiments, China was in a period of disorder and lawlessness, which was similar to that during the warlord era in the 1800s. In the short-term, the M4M was a significant date in Chinese history to a small extent as it resulted in many strikes and demonstrations throughout China to occur. Students demonstrated in the capital of Beijing while many other occupants such as shopkeepers, industrial workers and other urban employees joined in the strikes and demonstrated in other key cities in China such as in Shanghai. The demonstration also saw a nationwide boycott of Japanese goods in an attempt to show Yuan Shikai to reject the Japanese demands to make China a Japanese protectorate. Also, the government of China was forced into rejecting the terms of the TOV which angered the West. This resulted in massive violence throughout the nation which did the Chinese no good and it aggravated ties between China and the West. In the long-term, the M4M was a significant date in Chinese history to a very large extent as it resulted not only in many cultural changes, but most importantly; it changed the political scene in China. The M4M gave birth to political activism where the people called for the end of a single ruler, but instead to have a democratic government. This surge of political activism was propelled by the education of the youths who believed that they would transform China. The youths emphasized heavily on the destruction of China’s traditional culture which was based on Confucianism, and they assumed that Western thought and civilisation was the way forward. This led to the reorganisation of the Guomindang (GMD) which saw Sun Yatsen calling on the Soviet Union. This also led to the founding of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The CCP was founded as a result of the increased appeal of Marxism-Leninism, which proved to be very successful in the Soviet Union. These 2 political groups would later take over the whole of the Chinese political scene and would later oppose one another in their attempt to dominate the Chinese government, which would result in massive killings of one another. However these 2 parties would combine forces during the World War 2 (WW2) period to fight off the Japanese imperialism which ensured that China would not fall into the hands of the Japanese. Hence this proved that the M4M was indeed a significant date in the history of China to the largest extent. In conclusion, it can be agreed that the M4M was one of the most significant dates in the history of China simply due to the fact that it was through the M4M that both the GMD underwent a massive reform, and at the same time, the birth of the CCP was witnessed. The combination of these 2 factors proved to be significant as without the formation of either party, China would have suffered much more detrimentally in WW2 as it was only through the surge of nationalism of the Chinese, and the combined forces of the GMD and the CCO that China managed to fight off the Japanese. How to cite Essay on the May 4th Movement, Essays

Industrial and Organizational Psychology- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theIndustrial and Organizational Psychology forAbsenteeism. Answer: Introduction Employee stress level increases illness, absenteeism which in turn decreases morale, negatively impacting business productivity (Ganster Rosen, 2013). Robert Half, 76% of Singaporean CFOs expect the stress level of their finance staff to rise over the next three years. Ms Ng, the Finance Manager of SS Pte Ltd, has asked to give a talk to its finance executives. The talk would be outlining possible stressors (organizational and individual), faced by finance executives, as well as possible coping strategies (organizational and individual) that finance executives can employ to deal with stress. The scope of this analysis deals with the talk that will be provided across to employees. Analysis High competitive business environment with prolonged working hours has been associated with growing stress levels at workplace (Griffin, et.al., 2010). Stress has been associated with negative impacts on an employees well-being and organization productivity as well. While there remains plenty of factor that causes stress within the organization environment, some can be categorized as job related factors, role related factors, interpersonal or group related factors. Other factors include organizational structural factors, organizational leadership factors, and organization life style factors along with individual stressors. Job related factors can include characterizes of the job by itself that can cause anxiety or stress. In case of hazardous jobs or job being too dull or boring, duties being strenuous, lacking job security or having too much of job overload (Anitha, 2014). Role related factors can create stress in case there is a role conflict, role ambiguity or role overload. In an y of these cases an individual is expected to do too many things that can add to stress or even burnout. Interpersonal and group related factors can be a source of constant stress. In case of group conflict, unpleasant relationship, poor communications and fear of being ostracized can lead to lack of social support from senior managers or colleagues leading to stress. Organizational structural factors as rules and regulations, differentiation can lead to organization stress. Organizations leadership factors can also add to cultural characteristics creating anxiety, tension and fear. Organizations life cycle is an integral factor that can create enormous amounts of stress. An organization at a mature state is bound to create lesser amounts of stress compared to those at their declining stage (Avey, Luthans Jensen, 2009). Individual stressors within the organization can arise in case an individual works for 14 to 16 hours a day. Factors that are related to individual stressors can be from job concerns, changes made to career, relocating, economic problems, changes in life structure, and pace of life, traumas, personality and ability to cope with changes. Job security is a major concern that can create anxiety or frustration on the prospects over losing a job, especially in cases of family obligations or social obligations. Relocation, which has become another mandatory aspect of globalization, disrupts routine life causing stress. Employees experiencing burn out or chronically frustrated and stressed are more prone to illness and absenteeism, and generally show signs of decreased morale which all negatively impact business productivity. Therefore, an organization has to create ways and means that can allow handling or coping with such stress situations to reduce impact on the organization. Individual and organizational strategies that allow a person cope and deal with stress. Individuals can combat stress by adopting strategies at individual level as well as at organizational levels. There are three basic procedures for stress management strategies that has negative effects on persons behaviour and his performance (Ton Huckman, 2008). Identification of stressors that affect ways in which stressors impacts individual behaviours and performances. Third step involves including constructive measures to cope with stress. Problem focused strategy helps identify core reason for stress and then modifying stressors. These strategies are based on time management, requesting others to help in coping with stress and final measure involves changing to another job. Emotion focused strategy involves controlling emotions such that they are not negatively affected by stress factors. They include exercise, relaxation, recreation, psychological strategies and companionship. Organizational strategies for overcoming stress and increasing employee productivity involves problem focused strategies and emotion focused strategies. Problem based strategies involves redesigning of the job, appropriate selection of placement such that employee has to deal with minimum changes, training of employees such that they are ready to take up challenges of the job, team building and providing day care facilities for women candidates. Emotion based strategies are focused on open lines of communicating within the organization, which provides a conducive culture to address employee challenges. Mentoring and employee assistance program that typically addresses issues an employee is facing. Such programs greatly benefits employees, as they feel that the organization cares for them. Wellness programs or allowing for personal time off can greatly reduce individual levels stress. Employees can feel relaxed in various manners in case organization allows some time off for their per sonal wellness and indulging in activities that tone down their nerve levels. Recommendations and Conclusion Organizational stress has become a major deterrent of organizational productivity across multiple organizations. Organizations are working in various manners to ensure that employees feel less levels of stress to reduce absenteeism and turnover from work. There are multiple factors that are conducive to stress levels amongst individuals in organization that causes stress. While individual factors have separate methodologies to deal with stress, organizational methods are considered more effective in nature. When organization reduces stress they are considered to be more effective in nature as it has a positive effect on employee commitment. This in turn is beneficial for the organization as it is seen to indirectly enhance organization retention. Reference Lists Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management,63(3), 308. Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., Jensen, S. M. (2009). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover.Human resource management,48(5), 677-693. Ganster, D. C., Rosen, C. C. (2013). Work stress and employee health: A multidisciplinary review.Journal of Management,39(5), 1085-1122. Griffin, M. L., Hogan, N. L., Lambert, E. G., Tucker-Gail, K. A., Baker, D. N. (2010). Job involvement, job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment and the burnout of correctional staff.Criminal Justice and behavior,37(2), 239-255. Staff Reporter, (2017, Jun 17). HR Education. Singapore Business Review. Retrieved from : https://sbr.com.sg/hr-education/news/top-4-causes-workplace-stress-in-singapore Ton, Z., Huckman, R. S. (2008). Managing the impact of employee turnover on performance: The role of process conformance.Organization Science,19(1), 56-68.

Music in the Caribbean free essay sample

The genre of Caribbean Music encompasses a diverse variety of musical styles and traditions from Islands that are located In the Caribbean Sea and it represents something that Is simple, exotic yet rich and wonderful. The styles range anywhere from traditional folk genres such as the Puerco Rican coagulant and Jamaican memento to more contemporary music such as salsa and reggae. They are each syntheses of African, European, Indian and Indigenous influences, largely created by African slave descendants, along with contribution from other communities.Some of the styles that gained wide popularity outside of the Caribbean includes reggae, ouzo, salsa, bonbon, calypso, coca, regnant and punt. The diverse history of Caribbean music begins with tribal music from the Native Americans that first inhabited the Caribbean island. This music largely featured percussion instruments, much of which was developed by the Native Americans and sadly perished along with most of the Native Americans during the 17th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Music in the Caribbean or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After that time, Caribbean music came out of the combination of the European settlers to the Caribbean as well as the African slaves hat were brought along with the settlers.The music represents the culture of struggle, triumph, blood, sweat and tears that are all reflected In the beats and rhythms of Caribbean music. The rewards of a battle well fought in search of freedom can still be heard echoing form the distance past as the enslaved left with future generations the strength to keep fighting using the powerful sounds of music. Located in the Caribbean Sea are many islands each having its own experience of slavery and triumph, each developing its own cultural expression through the use of music.The outer most Caribbean styles of music may be grouped into the different categories of folk, classical, or commercially popular music. Folk styles were derived primarily from African music and tend to be dominated by percussion instruments as well as call and response vocals. Included In this category are the traditional Cuban rumba, the Puerco Rican bomb as well as music associated with Afro-Caribbean religions (such as Halt, voodoo, and Cuban Sanitaria). A few styles, however, reflects a more European influence. The Puerco Rican Sahara music and Cuban Punt are two key examples.Local forms of classical music were created in the nineteenth century in Cuba and Puerco Rice as formally trained composers began to infiltrate the area. The most prominent styles in this category are the Cuban concordant and the habit (a lighter and more rhythmic but also Cuban style). The best known forms of Caribbean music are the modern, popular genres. These include the con (the most popular style of Cuban dance music); the Chadwick, the leister (a romantic, languid style), and the mambo (an instrumental big band style). Since the mid-sass, styles like salsa and meringue have become widely popular.The most internationally famous style of Caribbean music has clearly been reggae. This style emerged In the late sass In Jamaica as a reinterpretation of American R B music. Singers such as Bob Marled have helped push this style Into the International arena. Calypso (with Its origin in Trinidad and Tobago) continues to grow in popularity, and is the music that was originated out of Jamaica until it was evolve in the early sass to shake the butts of working and middle class Jamaican before going on, via the West Indian immigrant connection, to the I-J, and then on to the world.In the I-J, ask was also now as blue beat music. Rock steady, and later, reggae sprang from the loins of ask in the late sass. Mid sass and sass/sass revivals of this popular dance form have kept this music alive and fun through the present. The ask beat on drums and bass, rhythm guitar, lots of horns and maybe a Farads or Hammond organ that is the ask sound. Ask was not recently invented by ask-influenced bands like No Doubt, the Mighty Festoons, Reel Big Fish or any other asss band.Ask is a forty-year-old music form now in a fresh, vigorous 3rd Wave. Ask is rich in history, broad in scope and guaranteed to make you shake your groove than. For the musically inclined, here is a description of the rhythmic structure of ask: Musically, Ask is a fusion of Jamaican memento rhythm with R, with the drum coming in on the 2nd and 4th beats, and the guitar emphasizing the up of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th beats. The drum therefore is carrying the blues and swing beats of the American music, and the guitar expressing the memento sound.The roots of reggae music are based in Jamaica. This indigenous music grew from ask, which had elements of American R and Caribbean styles. It also drew from folk music, Poignant church music, Joana fife and drum bands, artillery rituals, adaptations of quadrilles, plantation work songs, and a form called memento. Notable early reggae artists were Bob Marled, Bunny Wailer, Peter Toss, Rite Marled Anderson, Toots and the Metals, Despond Decker. As the fast beat of ask mellowed through rock steady, it gradually led to the creation of reggae.The transition from rock steady to reggae was, like the transition from ask to rock steady, an imperceptible process which was both a response to and a reflection of the changing social conditions of the society. In 1981 Bob Marled died and roots reggae ever really recovered from the loss of its figurehead, and in the true fashion of Jamaican audiences looking for a change, danceable reggae emerged. This computerized, DC dominated style couldnt be more different from its predecessor with lewd lyrics replacing the righteousness and sound system competition seeming the strongest motive.In 1985, Under Mi Slang Tent marked the complete break from reggae tradition, as it became the first record to be recorded without a bass line. There are several versions of the origin of the calypso which emerged as an identifiable genre towards the end of the nineteenth century. Calypso represents a suture of several folk songs in the African tradition. In its original functions to praise or deride, to comment and to relate it is similar to a type of song that is universal. The early kazoo was sung in French patois, in the minor mode. It was accompanied by the traditional African drum ensemble and chorus. Themes varied widely. However, satirical political and social commentary, and the male-female relationship were, and continue to be, extremely popular. Traditionally, calypso singers have exhibited highly personalized styles in dress, theme and presentation. Since the turn of the century, the calypso has been sung in English. Great emphasis was placed on the ability to compose intricate lyrics with long, obscure words, and to improvise.The art of improvisation is still demonstrated in the ex tempo which is usually a competitive performance by two singers. Modern calypso (or kazoo) was invented in Trinidad, but respected, major Californians and national pride for the musicians runs high. Many people believe that calypso is about Jumping up and dancing at carnivals, that the form is devoted to entertainment. But true calypso is a very serious form of social commentary. The Californians address everything from politics to incest to the notations of island life, although the attacks are often framed through subtle satire.In Trinidad and Tobago, for example, the old timers like Executor, Growler, Houdini, and Spoiler all provided informative listening entertainment. Calypso of today is dance music. Thanks to the Mighty Sparrow, the Lord Kitchener, the Black Stalin, David Rudder to name a few, we still have traditional Calypsos fused with dance hall music. In Barbados, youll hear Basss singing the lyrics of Red Plastic Bag, The Mighty Gabby, and Alison Hinds, to name a very few. The musical accomplishment of the modern calypso has become more complex. This is provided y the brass band, so called because of its powerful trumpets and trombones.Other instruments in this ensemble include guitars, key-boards, synthesizers, the drum set and a wide range of percussion instruments. Additionally, some singers might include a single instrument such as the pan, the actuator, the fiddle or a skin drum, among others. The performer is accompanied by a chorus that executes choreographed movements as they sing. In the weeks preceding the annual carnival celebrations, a number of singers perform nightly in the calypso tent. Originally, a bamboo tent was specially erected. Today, any performance venue is used. Through he year singers appear in concerts and other shows.Calypso is the music used to create the rhythms of Carnival in the Caribbean, Carnival in ROI, Labor Day in Brooklyn, The Caribbean American Family Day Festival in the Bronx New York, Caribbean in Toronto, Miami Carnival, Boston Carnival, Atlanta Carnival, Caribbean Carnival Tallahassee and a host of other cities all over the world. Coca is the rhythmical fusion of Soul and Calypso. Its geographical origin is Trinidad and Tobago and its inspiration has always been those islands pre-Lenten carnival celebrations. The ever infectious Coca music has now evolved into the definitive indigenous classical form of the Eastern Caribbean. The music is part of the vibrant Caribbean culture and has now established itself as far field as North America, and throughout Europe. Ring bang is a fusion of all the music of the Caribbean with the focus is on the rhythm rather than the melody. Since its creation in 1994, Ring bang has grown in popularity in Barbados and throughout the Caribbean. Raps is quite recent, emerging about twenty-five years ago. However, it draws on the ancient African tradition of story-telling. Raps is street poetry. Its main theme is the issues that affect the lives of ordinary people. Raps may be unaccompanied by a simple ensemble or full orchestration.Since both reggae from Jamaica and coca from Trinidad are very popular in Barbados, a fusion of the two was always likely. This fusion came in the form of raga-coca; a rhythm that is faster than reggae but slower than up-tempo coca. Ouzo loosely translated means Party or festival and is a style of music originally from the Caribbean countries of Martinique and Guadalupe. Ouzo is a fusion of Comma from Haiti, cadence and tempo from Dominica, other styles of music such as mazurka, beguine, bal Grumman dances, balalaika, and other indigenous styles of the people of Martinique and Guadalupe.Ouzo exploded on to adapting to French and American pop music. The main characteristic of Ouzo music is the two quick beats followed by a slower tempo. Ouzo was popularized by bands that include Kavas, Grammars, and Exile One, and solo artists like Jocosely Label of Guadalupe and Aphelia Marie of Dominica. The lyrics are sung in the local Creole and French. With the popularity of Ouzo, the islands of Martinique and Guadalupe saw a big surge in the music industry. The United States was introduced to the music by a band from New Jersey called The Roast Beef Curtains.However, the leading band to emerge from Ouzo is Kavas, founded in 1979 by Pierre-Adored Decides and Freddy Marshall. Kavas became an international phenomenon in 1985 after the launch of their album fifth album Yll featuring the international smash hit Ouzo la Se Sell Median Non In. Other renowned artists from the Caribbean whose name became synonymous with Ouzo include Tanya Gain-Vale, Marie-Line Lap, Deed Saint PRI, Alan Cave, and Jean Philippe Martially. Ouzo musicians living in Paris began recording with African musicians, and were also influenced by Coupe Cloud, a Haitian band leader who utilized an African style. With Cassavas popularity, Ouzo became the most widespread dance to hit the Caribbean, Europe, and Africa. There are different styles of Ouzo, which include the traditional Ouzo that was originated the genre of music; Ouzo-Love includes slower tempo love songs; Ouzo Lambda popular in Brazil, Zambia originally from Angola, and Cola-Ouzo originally from Cape Verve.Each style has noticeable differences from tempo to language. All have their roots in the beautiful music originating from Martinique and Guadalupe. Some famous Ouzo artists and Dos include Kavas, Exile One, Frankly Vincent, Alan Cave, Face, Experience 7, Eric Virgil, Dana Junior, Ouzo Machine, DC ET, DC Double F, DC JAM, Mane, Sourer Kayaks, DC John Gee, Vegetable Basket, Curricle, Princesses Lover, Boss Tweed NYC. For almost three decades, Ouzo has swept the isla nds and has united artists from the French and Creole segments of the Caribbean. With the emergence of Ouzo, the artists have created a large music industry that gained international popularity in many parts of the world, mainly France, where some of the artists lived, Brazil, and the French speaking part of Africa and Canada. Ouzo music is versatile, entertaining ND the Caribbean will continue to be a great source of inspiration for the music market. The Choctaw songs are sung during the Phage or Hold festival, the Hindu spring festival that is celebrated with song, dance and the playful sprinkling of participants with colored liquids. These are Hindi songs, sung by a chorus and lead singer.They begin slowly and softly and increase in tempo, volume and pitch. The songs often celebrate the love shared by deities, Radar and Krishna, and Ram and Sitar. They are accompanied by the Dollar, Shall and sometimes, the harmonium. The Chutney coca sound is native to Saint Vincent the Grenadines, Guyana and Trinidad . The musical style infuses elements of Coca music along with Hindi English lyrics and instruments from the Indian culture such as the dainty and the dollar. The Chutney is an up tempo, rhythmic song, accompanied but the dollar, the harmonium and the dental.Original chutney songs made reference to data and were offensive to religious leaders. Within recent times, the chutney has become extremely popular and new compositions are being written. Some of these contain calypso and coca rhythms. There is also some extemporaneous composition and by bands which include Indian, western and African instruments. Chutney music completes the sound of Chutney Coca. It was Trumpeted Rangoon who first called the style of music Chutney Coca in an album entitled chutney Coca. Two versions of the song were published in two versions Hindi and coca.The word was spelt Chasten Coca before the new spelling of Chutney was established. The historical origins of Chutney coca are the perfect example of how Indo-Traditions have created a synthetic original art form that has incorporated Indo-Traditions into the world that is coca music. Additionally it also shows Just how much Indo-Traditions have influenced the culture and politics of the country. Chutney coca first started to show up in calypso during the sass when calypso and coca musicians would incorporate Indian themes within their lyrics. Chutney coca started to experience mainstream popularity during the sass when carnival season started to incorporate chutney coca monarch competitions. Since then the Chutney coca competition has grown exponentially to the point where it is considered the most important and largest Indo-Caribbean concert worldwide. The cost of production exceeds over one million USED. Local Indian songs may be Hindu or English sung to Indian rhythms. They are reformed to the music of bands that include the Tablas, the synthesizer, African drums and brass instruments among others.The songs are similar to the calypso in their tendency towards social commentary as a major theme. Prang is a lively rhythmic Christmas song, sung in Spanish with some Spanish patois and Latin words. Its main theme is the annunciation, Maria! is perhaps the most frequent exclamation in prang. The music is accompanied by actuator, guitar, the box bass and chaw-chaos. The singers, pardoners wear colorful clothing, originally in Spanish style. The sound of Prang coca is taking center stage during Christmas. Coca music is now being fused with prang. The sound of prang has both Latin and Caribbean influences incorporated.Prang finds in roots in the Spanish word paraded which means merry making. Prang coca is a submerge of coca and is a recent comer to the world of music. The origins of prang is still disputed in many circles however it is believed that it was first introduced by the Spanish or French speaking catholic monks that brought it to Trinidad during the Spanish colonial period. The second theory proposes that it was the Venezuelan who were responsible for the first elements of prang music when they migrated to work on the cocoa plantations during the first part of the 19th century.Steel band coca in its purest form is coca at its best. The melodious sounds which emanate from the steel pan captivate the listening audience. The instrument has a long standing place in the Trinitarian culture and carnival. The instrument most times is associated with revelry and festivity. It brings to the listener an authentic Caribbean experience and those who come within distance to the hypnotic sounds are drawn into the experience of Caribbean music. Steelyard coca is well worth listening to. The sounds will linger in your mind and heart leaving you wanting more.The steel band is made up of several instruments and players and its origins date back to slavery. During this period of time drums were used as a form of communication among the enslaved Africans. When slavery was outlawed in 1783 by then British colonial government African slaves were allowed to participate in the festive celebration Marci grass which was event to the Africans and Indians during that period. As time passed drums evolved into steel pans and bands, no longer were they being used in the war cry but in entertaining those who are willing to listen. The steel band in made up of several individuals who carry out specific roles these are, Soprano, Lead or Tenor, Double Tenor, Double Second, Double Guitar, Quadraphonic (four pans), Triple Guitar, Cello, Six Pan, Tenor Bass, Six Bass, Nine Bass and Twelve Bass. Each individual is responsible for a specific pitch. Steelyards are capable of playing all types of music however they specialize in coca and when a song of a different genre is played on a steel band you will immediately feel the coca vibe. The steel band consists of one form of instrument this is the steel pan.This is made from a sheet of metal that is usually . Mm or 1. 5 mm thick. Traditionally steel pans are made using oil barrels however steel pan bands are now using specific makers to manufacture the steel container to a specified resonance sound output. The sheet of metal is stretched and with the aid of several hammers and air pressure it is shaped into a bowl formation, the process is known as sinking. Once this is completed the notes of varying sizes are molded and shaped into the surface. After this is the crafts man or technician will tune the instrument using an electronic otherwise called strobe tuner.The influence of coca music including steel band coca is far reaching. Steelyard coca is used as a welcoming form of music to tourists who visit the Caribbean island. It can often be heard on cruise ships and it is quite popular during the carnival season. In many aspects, it is more common to see a marked diversity than a marked unity in Caribbean music. A few generalizations can be made, however. Most music of this region combines features of music from Africa with features of music from the West. This combination began with the European colonization and slave trade but still mutinous into the present.The divisions between Caribbean music genres are not always well defined, because many of these genres share common relations and have influenced each other in many ways and directions. For example, the Jamaican memento style has a long history of conflation with Trinitarian calypso. Elements of calypso have come to be used in memento, and vice versa, while their origins lie in the Afro-Caribbean culture, each uniquely characterized by influences from the Shannon and Shouters religions of Trinidad and the Kumara spiritual tradition of Jamaica.

European Lion Facts and Figures

European Lion Facts and Figures Panthera leo, the modern lion, included a bewildering array of subspecies in early historical times. At least three of these- Panthera leo europaea, Panthera leo tartarica and Panthera leo fossilis- are referred to collectively as the European Lion; these big cats inhabited a broad swath of western, central and eastern Europe, ranging from the Iberian peninsula to as far east as Greece and the Caucasus. The European Lion probably descended from the same common ancestor as the Asiatic Lion, Panthera leo persica, the still-extant remnants of which can still be found in modern India. Cultural References Tantalizingly, the European Lion is referenced numerous times in classical literature; the Persian king Xerxes reportedly encountered some specimens when he invaded Macedonia in the 5th century B.C.E, and this big cat was almost certainly used by the Romans in gladiatorial combat or to dispose of unfortunate Christians in the first and second centuries A.D. Like other Panthera leo subspecies, the European Lion was hunted to extinction by humans, either for sport or to protect villages and farmland, and disappeared off the face of the earth about 1,000 years ago. The European Lion should not be confused with the Cave Lion, Panthera leo spelaea, which survived in Europe and Asia up to the cusp of the last Ice Age. Facts Historical Epoch Late Pleistocene-Modern (one million-1,000 years ago) Size and Weight Up to four feet high at the shoulder and 400 pounds Distinguishing Characteristics Large size; lack of manes in females

Write a cover letter to get you hired in 2018

Write a cover letter to get you hired in 2018 When you see the phrase â€Å"cover letter,† it probably conjures up an image of a bygone era, with an old-fashioned letter, painstakingly typed and sent via snail mail. How does that square with the modern job search, which has become almost entirely digital? Do you still need a cover letter in an era where you’re either emailing a resume or dropping it into a vast database? The short, honest answer: not always, especially when you’re simply uploading your resume into a digital application engine. But when you do need to have a cover letter to go with your resume, it’s important to have one ready to go. And a well-written cover letter can still mean the difference between getting an interview or having a reader reject your application package without any further consideration.What’s the purpose of a cover letter?A cover letter is an introduction to your resume. If you’re submitting your resume digitally, that means your cover letter is an em ail introduction with an attachment. Instead of a blunt â€Å"here you go, resume is attached,† it’s a way of framing your resume and setting the narrative before the reader has a chance to scan the resume itself.A cover letter (or email) is also a chance to fit in some extra key words. There’s a good chance that it will be a software program reading your note first, before it’s screened by a human with hiring power. And those programs function based on key words and phrases that the hiring company most wants to see. The earlier you can fit those in, the better, and the cover letter/email is your earliest chance.A cover letter also acknowledges the human reader beyond the robot eyes- a human reader who can use the information in your note to add context to your resume. Your cover letter is a chance to set the narrative that you support with the bullet points in your resume. Think of it as the highlight reel of your accomplishments and your goals.Tailor yo ur cover letter to the audience.The first thing you should do is make sure you’re personalizing the cover letter. Nothing is going to turn a reader off faster than having to read something addressed to â€Å"Dear whomever† and followed by several paragraphs of super-generic chitchat. Whenever possible, you should address it to a specific person. This may not always be possible if you’re submitting via an online system. But if there’s a contact name mentioned in the job posting, make sure you’re addressing your letter or email right to that person. You want to engage the reader whenever possible. â€Å"To whom it may concern† technically does the job of addressing a reader, but is there a colder, more generic opening? I don’t think so.Be memorable and personable.The cover letter gives you a chance you don’t really have with your resume: the opportunity to show a bit of your personality. The resume is a ruthless, efficient snapsh ot of your professional accomplishments. The cover letter is more of a conversation between you and the reader. One way to do this is to include some personal trivia in the first few lines, or include a bit about what drew you do this particular company or job opening. This shows that there’s a thoughtful person behind this letter and this resume, one who has put consideration and effort into applying for this job.In a cover letter, it’s okay to use a bit of humor- as long as it’s kept polite, professional, and directly related to the job you’re trying to get. (Remember, you don’t know who will be on the other end, so keep any humor G-rated and appropriate.) The company is, after all, hiring a human to join their team, and you want to seem approachable and friendly. The information on your resume doesn’t necessarily tell the reader much about your voice, so it’s okay to use the cover letter to add a bit of flair.Set the narrative.This is especially important if your resume has things you need to explain, or things you want to gloss over (it happens). Your cover letter can help you take that extra level of control over your application package. Use it to set up what you want the reader to have in mind while he or she is reading further.For example, if you’re a recent grad and don’t yet have tons of experience in the field you’re trying to get into, you can use your cover letter to talk about how you’re looking for an entry-level position in the field, but have skills and experience that you’ve built up via internships, or volunteer experiences. Or if you have resume gaps, it’s a way of saying that you’re looking to get back in the game, and that you’re ready and eager for an opportunity to use your skills and experience at X company.Make it about the job/company.The cover letter is (spoiler alert!) not really about you. Sure, it seems that way because youâ⠂¬â„¢re talking about yourself, but it’s really about the job the company is trying to fill and how you can meet that need. The ultimate goal of the cover letter is to support your statement that you’re the one they need to fill this job. Every detail you offer about yourself should show how you’re a good fit for the company. This is where the job description comes in handy- you can use that information to figure out what they want the new employee to accomplish in this role and then make sure you’re presenting skills and achievements that support those needs.For example, instead of saying something like, â€Å"This role is the logical next step for me because I’ve always wanted to be a director,† you should go with, â€Å"my time spent spearheading complex projects and delivering results ahead of schedule has prepared me for the demands of leading a team of sales associates.†Keep your formatting flexible.In your cover letter, you don ’t want to include fancy or complicated formatting because you can’t assume that it’s being read one particular way. In 2018, you need to be format-flexible. Your reader might be reading it on a computer screen, as a print-out, or on a small device like a phone or tablet. That means the simpler your cover letter is, the better. Pick a professional font that’s easy to read, make sure your paragraphs aren’t 15 sentences of unbroken text, and make everything left-aligned.If your cover letter is really an email, it’s fine to use the default font and text settings in your email client.Don’t write a novel.The cover letter should only be a few straightforward paragraphs. This is not the time to write out your entire work history (the resume will do the job of talking about past experience and accomplishments). The goal is to introduce yourself to the reader, not publish your memoir. Three to four paragraphs should do the trick- no more than a single page in Word. This is the basic format you should use:Brief intro paragraph: Who you are as a professional, what job you’re applying for, and what drew you to this particular job opening.Paragraph outlining your top qualifications for this specific job.Brief closing paragraph: Restate what qualifies you for the job and provide contact information.Closing sign-off: Always be brief and polite. (â€Å"Sincerely† is a classic for a reason!)Let’s look at an example of a basic cover letter/email.Dear Ms. Ferguson,  As a lifelong bookworm with a passion for the inner workings of the publishing industry, I’m interested in your opening for an editorial assistant. I’m currently an administrative assistant at the Good Books Literary Agency, and would like to bring my ninja-level organizational skills and editorial eye to the books on B.K. Publisher’s list.Through my work at the agency and an internship with American Book Company, I’ve developed a keen sense for identifying potentially successful books, and working with authors to refine their manuscripts from rough drafts to final. I have extensive experience proofreading and copyediting manuscripts, writing copy, and liaising between authors and publishers. I am confident that my ability to work with authors of all temperaments, as well as develop their work with an eye toward the marketplace, would be a good fit for B.K. Publisher. I’m attaching my resume, and welcome discussing my qualifications in more detail. I can be reached at JaneQPublic@emaildomain.gov, and I look forward to hearing more about this position.  Sincerely,Jane Public  When you’re writing your cover letter, remember that it’s an opportunity- not a throw-away. If you put in some time and energy, it can be a boon to your total application and work perfectly with your resume to create an image of someone who would be a good all-around fit for this job.

Banking Concept Of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Banking Concept Of Education - Essay Example Saudi Arabia, many of the students and educators have not realized that system of education is not just ineffective, but to a larger extent harmful. Going to our classes, we all had one goal in mind getting as much information for the test and getting out. Now that I am studying in America I realized how it is. The whole situation seems like feeding us information on a silver spoon. We were expected to stay quiet for the whole 60 minutes. Not knowing that it was wrong, we did what we were told to do. In the essay, The Banking Concept of Education, Paulo Freire argues that modern education is widely recognized as a chance for teachers to feed students with information as the students submissively accept it. In my years as a submissive recipient of information both in the Saudi Arabia and USA, I have come across numerous educators who fit Freire’s cynical description (Freire Paulo, 13). However, not teachers are the same, in that I have also realized a professor whose style of teaching is different from those Freire scorns, and she created a beautiful environment and splendid environment during the learning process. Her meth ods proved that it is very possible to develop a learning environment where students do not suffer from â€Å"narration sickness†.... The class that changed my opinion of education was the chemistry class. The professor, who was as highly educated as the rest of the faculty educators, initially stacked to the idea that she could learn as much from us the students as we from her. Freire demonstrates a number of qualities of the Banking Concept of Education, and argues these qualities are available in each and every classroom, and are reflected by â€Å"oppressive society in general† (Freire Paulo, 75). One of the first qualities demonstrated by Freire is that: the educator educates and the learner is taught. In our chemistry class, the professor had very little to do with the learning process. Every student submitted a new chemistry models every week, and our peers in the class provided with a feedback on our work. The professor was just there to show guidelines and to expound on complex chemistry concepts that we could not understand as a class, and to ask leading questions to prompt discussion. By reading o ur work and having the students explain to her, the professor also learned many things (Freire Paulo, 43). This logic is firmly related to Freire’s second listed quality which states that: the educator knows everything and the learner knows nothing. However, since most of the feedback came from other students, it was usually the opinion of students that was valued highly in the class. According to Freire, knowledge arises only through invention and reinvention, through impatient, restless, continuing, inquiries pursued by human being in the world, with the world and with each other. That is, true comprehension can only be fashioned though questioning, conversation, and

Development of Collective Bargaining in the United States Research Paper

Development of Collective Bargaining in the United States - Research Paper Example Collective bargaining policies in the United States have played a very important role over the years. There were numerous efforts that were made for the development of collective bargaining by the way of formation of various legislations and labor unions. For the development of collective bargaining in the United States, there had been a lot of conflicts that were determined to arise between the employers and the employees. There were conflicts relating to the rights of the employees, management and the unions in the organizations. There were also conflicts that were viewed which accounted for increasing wages and salaries that were demanded by the employees. During this conflicting period, managers/employers were given full right to dismiss the workers/employees which was very objectionable for the employees (Andrews, 1981). Collective bargaining in the past was a major source of challenge for the US. It was more of a despicable situation when employers and employees had to cope up with the practice of this concept. However, the employees seem to suffer the most at all times because of the exclusion of collective bargaining in the US organizations (Mills, 1981). However, with the passage of time, the US has been able to adopt and practice collective bargaining and follow liberalization in the wage structures of the employees. The American labor policies have been formulated as per the company standards. The governing laws of the US in the organizational context have strived to keep pace with growth and maintain competitiveness with the organizations of different countries. The governing principles of US are now focusing towards incorporating collective bargaining at a whole new level in order to improve the economy of the country by a considerable extent. The country is planning to incorporate collective bargaining in different sectors that may include education sector and governmental agencies among others

An Environmental Analysis Essay Example for Free

An Environmental Analysis Essay An environmental analysis of the constraints in both the host and home countries is of primary significance in determining the conditions of the host market, thus giving the home country the option to adjust according to the conditions in the host country. There are several important factors that should be considered in the environmental analysis, specifically of the host country, Turkey, and of the home country, the United States of America. The factors for both the host and home countries include but are not limited to the political environment, the judicial and legal environments and the economic environment. The current political environment in the United States is primarily led by the Republican Party headed by President George W. Bush. However, the presidential elections are scheduled November this year where Senators Barack Obama and John McCain from the democratic and republican parties respectively will represent their political affiliations and seek office in White House. America’s structure of government is a representative democracy and the system of government is a federal republic where there are contiguous states. On the other hand, the legal environment in America is basically pegged on the country’s system of governance. That is, the laws of the country are created by the bicameral Congress composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate, apart from the state and local laws created by the state and local levels of the government. The judicial system is basically comprised of the lower federal courts and Supreme Court which is the ultimate arbiter of the American laws. There are also appellate courts where cases can be filed for appeal and where decisions can be overturned depending on the merit of the case filed. In general, business in the United States in the context of the legal and judicial systems is healthy as there is a very minimal government control of the market, key private players in the economy are given the freedom to decide for themselves on a micro level as far as the market is concerned, and some of the laws are created to actually foster foreign and local trades. The United States economy has recently encountered a major setback primarily in the stock market, thus becoming a major cause of concern for the local corporations operating in the local economy. Nevertheless, the U. S. Federal Reserve System has been consistent in adjusting the interest rates so as to resolve the problem and bring the economy back on its feet (Guha, 2008, p. 9). On the other hand, the host country, Turkey, is nonetheless a regional power with influence reaching Europe, the Caucasus and beyond, and whose membership in the European Parliament is a key step towards becoming a full member of the European Union (Mooradian, 1995, p. 3). But even though there have been significant advancements in the economy of Turkey in more recent years, the country â€Å"cannot consider itself a true democracy† since it â€Å"does not tolerate the freedoms of speech and expression (Angacian, 2004, p. 3). † The country has been under military rule, and that there have been previous business threats from the ruling government aimed at France and Canada after the two latter countries recognized the Armenian Genocide. After both countries recognized the genocide, the Turkish government implemented a boycott in French wines and textiles as well as a boycott on Canadian products and enforced changes in the business contracts entered into by Canada with Turkey. Two of these changed contracts are contracts worth approximately $335 million and one that is close to a billion dollars worth of investments (Angacian, 2004, p. 3). But even though there are negative sides to the history of Turkey, it can hardly be denied that the country’s economy has been on the rise in more recent times. In 2004, Turkey’s economy has posted an eight percent growth with inflation rates dropping down to single digits. However, the recent developments in the country have substantially diminished its chances of joining the European Union as Turkey has become the â€Å"primary culprit† in the Union’s livelihood as Turkey has become a nation â€Å"stealing manufacturing work while delivering an influx of indigent job-seekers (Goodman, 2005, p. D. 01). † on the positive side, the home country, United States, can opt to venture into the rising industries in Turkey given the fact that the production costs in Turkey such as manpower is lower than its neighboring countries. Since the goods of the country primarily find their way to the rest of Western Europe, the advantage is that the investing foreign company has little to worry about production cost and market reach. On the other hand, the negative side of the market environment in Turkey is that the interest rates in credit are high, thereby resulting to higher prices of products which also results to limited exportation and new investments. Thus, it is significant for the company to consider relying on its capital resources rather than investing by financial borrowing as doing the opposite will most certainly result to higher prices of products manufactured. Moreover, it appears that the business environment in Turkey is not entirely friendly when the context of military rule is solely considered. In more recent years, Turkey has also experienced a steady growth in its technology sector although a large par of the country remains agricultural. The apparent diversity in culture, especially the Kurds and Turks, has resulted to differences in access in technology among the population as most Kurds are situated in the outskirts of the country. Some cultural considerations that should be addressed are the variations in the local purchases of goods depending on the financial capabilities of the local residents as well as the prospect of export in Western Europe where more cultural varieties are present, the strategies molded from the cultural context in Turkey and the leadership style of the company needed to address the economic and political concerns faced by the country and its people. References Angacian, S.(2004). The Undemocratic Democracy of Turkey. Armenian Reporter International, 36(48): 3. Goodman, P. S. (2005). Turkey’s Evolving Economy: Country Ties its Fortune Closer to Global Trade, Putting Pressure on Western Europe. The Washington Post: D. 01. Guha, K. (2008). Blowing in the Wind: America Braces Itself for the Risk of a Second Dip. Financial Times: 9. Mooradian, M. (1995). Political Analysis—Turkey: A Regional Power. Armenian Reporter International, 29(12): 3

My Philosophy of Education Essays -- Philosophy on Teaching Statement

Philosophy of Education Jean-Paul Sartre said, â€Å"Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself† (Myra, David, 402). According to him, personality is made by him/herself according to environment, religion, or society and everyone has a different belief and idea such as how they want to behave toward others or what I want to be on their own through their experience or life. Everyone has his or her own belief, philosophy, and dream but also I have my own concept. My philosophy of education revolves around why I want to be a teacher, my own philosophy of education, and what I want to do in future. After reading the nonfiction book by Torey F Hayden †The Child, Sheera† I was influenced to be a childhood special education teacher. If I didn’t read her book, I would not consider that I want to be a special education teacher. The author, Torey F Haydan was a specialist of a childhood special education and wrote about her experiences. She had a class for handicapped children and devoted her life to them. She always took care of her students. I was so impressed by her dedication that I realized that I want to be a special education teacher. Not only did her book influence me, but children make me happy. Spending time with them, I feel happy even if I may be having a bad day. Through my elementary field experience, I have found students are friendly and open-minded. At first, I was so nervous because I am not a native and I have trouble speaking English well, so I ...

How Women Are Portrayed in Media Essay

Common female stereotypes found in the media have a powerful influence over how society views women and how women view themselves. What is the media portrayal of women today and how does this impact how young girls perceive themselves? With programs such as The Bachelor and Flavor of Love showing a dozen women competing for the attention of one man, often using their sexuality, magazine ads displaying a half-naked female body to sell a fragrance or cosmetic product, and television commercials highlighting a woman’s thigh and butt to sell sneakers, it may be difficult for society not to be influenced by the overwhelming message to objectify women. Negative Female Stereotypes Female stereotypes in the media tend to undervalue women as a whole, and diminish them to sexual objects and passive human beings. According to research done by Children Now, a national organization trying to make children a public priority, 38% of female characters found in video games are wearing revealing clothing, 23% are showing cleavage. Magazine ads show a dismembered female body, with parts, instead of the whole, a practice that according to media activist, Jean Kilbourne, turns women into objects. Disney movies, from Beauty and The Beast to Aladdin show slender, unrealistically curvaceous, and quite vulnerable young women, who are dependent on male figures for strength and survival, not their own sense of empowerment. Media stereotyping of women as objects and helpless beings creates very low expectation for society’s girls. When a woman is in a position of power, such as the rare female boss portrayed in The Proposal with Sandra Bullock, or Disclosure with Demi Moore, she tends to be a cold-hearted, detached career woman with sociopathic tendencies. This sends the message that a powerful woman sacrifices a healthy relationship, family, and possibly even her sanity to be extremely successful at her career. For the young girl who dreams to run a company, or become a famous journalist, astronaut, or scientist, the media does not provide enough models for her to look to for encouragement and inspiration. Positive Female Stereotypes Despite the many negative female stereotypes found in movies, television, and advertisements, there are positive examples of intelligent, empowered young girls and women as well. These characters can serve as role models for girls  who are looking for female characters to exemplify. Lisa Simpson from the popular cartoon sitcom, The Simpsons is a classic example of a positive female stereotype. An intelligent and gifted girl, this character thinks for herself and sticks to her ideals, traits that young girls should be able to find in the media. In the TV series Doctor Who, The Eleventh Doctor is accompanied by two female characters, Amy Pond and River Song, through space and time. They portray themselves as highly intelligent and display emotionally strong traits such as the ability to overcome traumatic events, strong sense of self-preservation, resourcefulness and faith in their own strength. Dora the Explorer is an inquisitive, adventurous young seven-year old girl, who is not only a positive female character, but one of the few minority heroes or heroines of children’s television. A conscious effort on the part of the media can offer much to the dreams and self-worth of society’s girls How the Media’s Portrayal of Women Impacts Girls The media’s portrayal of women affects the self-image of girls dramatically. Concepts of beauty and personality are found in movies, magazines, and video games; as long as there are enough positive examples, young girls can be free to be themselves. When there are not, the pressure is to be thin, physically attractive, and pleasing in order to be likable and popular. According to the National Institute on Media and the Family, studies have found that the media’s focus on body image and submissive female stereotypes has affected children’s thinking. For example, in television comedies it was found that thin women were both praised more and less likely to be made fun of by male characters. In commercials directed at young girls, half mentioned physical attractiveness. As a result of these and other similar trends, both boys and girls describe female characters as â€Å"domestic, interested in boys, and concerned with appearances.† Both young girls and teenagers are increasingly concerned with their weight and unhappy with their bodies. Stereotypes in the media inevitably affect our culture, especially the young. As Susan Fiske, professor of Psychology at Princeton University and researcher of stereotyping and discrimination, says, â€Å"stereotyping exerts control or power over people, pressuring them to conform; therefore, stereotyping maintains the status quo.† To help combat the influence of negative female stereotypes in the media, and therefore  help not only girls, but all of society transcend these limiting expectations, it is important to expose our children to positive role models and to let young girls know just how amazing they are and always will be. Sources: â€Å"Media and Girls.† (Media Awareness Network). â€Å"Sex and Relationships in the Media.† (Media Awareness Network). Durik, Amanda and Janet Shibley Hyde. â€Å"Psychology of Women and Gender in the 21st Century.† (University of Wisconsin). â€Å"Media’s Effect on Girls: Body Image and Gender Identity.† (National Institute on Media and the Family). The role of media is crucial to the issue of violence against women, both in terms of how media cover (and often distort) the issue, and how media may be used as a tool to help activists and governments raise awareness and implement programs on this issue, according to Rina Jimenez David, a long-time journalist and women’s rights activist from the Philippines. Rina, who was interviewed by Marà ­a Suà ¡rez on FIRE’s first Internet Broadcast at the Beijing +5 women’s conference in New York writes a column called â€Å"At Large† for the Philippine Daily Inquirer, and is an activist and national chair of a women’s political p arty called â€Å"Philipinas Advance.† â€Å"Many women have said that the media coverage (of rape or other violence) was like a second assault all over again, because of their insensitivity in using pictures, publishing names, and other violations of privacy,† said Rina. â€Å"And the way they portray violence reinforces stereotypes, when they focus on the appearance of the victims, especially if they are young, attractive, or are questioning the way they were dressed.† FIRE is producing live daily Webcasts June 4-9 in New York during the UN Special Session of the Beijing +5 Conference on Women, which has attracted over 10,000 women activists, journalists and government delegates. The daily programs in Spanish and English focus on the role of media in relation to each of the 12 critical areas of concern of the Beijing Platform for Action. The first program focused on violence against women. In addition to describing how media tend to portray women who are victims of violence, Rina talked about her efforts as an activist to raise awareness of this issue among journalists, especially those of the younger generation. Specifically, Rina described a series of workshops conducted by the Center for Media Freedom and  Responsibility in the Philippines. The 3-day session included a gender sensitivity workshop, and also talks by women activists on issues of concern to women, including one by Rina about violence against women. â€Å"I believe we really reached about 400 journalists,† said Rina, â€Å"because at the end we asked them about the impact, and the men especially had their eyes opened to the situation of women, and said they were going to try and be more sensitive.† Rina noted that the young journalists seemed to be the most receptive to these ideas. During the live FIRE Webcast, Rina also noted how critical it was to have violence against women recognized as a violation of women’s human rights at the U.N. World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna in 1993. The Beijing Platform for Action, now being discussed at the Special Session of the UN General Assembly recognizes more forms of violence. â€Å"In the past it was only military rape and state torture (that were recognized), whereas the Beijing Platform for Action was a landmark by including domestic violence, rape, and sexual harassment.† Before 1995, such violations against women â€Å"were often not recognized due to culture or tradition.† Rina described new laws and actions related to violence against women in countries in the Asian Pacific region, which have been enacted since the IV World Conference on Women in Beijing 1995, when governments committed themselves to implementing the Platform for Action . For example, in Japan, there was not even a term for â€Å"sexual harassment† in the language, whereas recently legislation was passed there to prohibit this violation of women’s human rights. Likewise, Rina noted that in the Philippines there is a new sexual harassment law, although it is somewhat narrow, and a domestic violence bill is pending in Parliament. Rina noted that a big accomplishment of the UN Conference on Human Rights in Vienna in 1993 was to have â€Å"fundamental rights† of a person recognized, regardless of country or culture, which opened the door for the recognition of women’s rights as universal human rights. â€Å"It was only recently those women’s rights as human rights were recognized,† said Rina, whereas in the past many of these rights such as violence against women â€Å"were violated with impunity under the guise of culture and religion.† Women in media in the Philippines: from stereotype to liberation. Abstract PIP: The success of women in the Philippine print and electronic media is contrasted with the negative image in which they are presented in mass media such as television, radio, comics, tabloids and magazines. Philippine women began entering journalism early in the century, becoming established in the female oriented press by the 1960s. As the repression of the Marcos regime intensified, women journalists excelled in writing vanguard pieces, using allusion, allegory, indirection or metaphor, interviewing prisoners, founding alternative newspapers and even initiating the successful boycott of the 3 major crony papers when Aquino was killed. The participation of women in television journalism is parallel, but more limited due to the nature of the medium. Women’s cultural role as multi-track organizers of family, finance and work is credited for this success. Dozens of names with titles and paper names are cited, as well as tabulated in an appendix. In contrast, women’s image in the popular publications and electronic media is that of sex object, victim, ideal submissive wife-mother, or gracious lady shows little evidence of improving. This deleterious, backward and inaccurate image is likely due to all-male ownership, management and profit motive of these popular, vernacular mass media. — The pressure on women to look and behave in certain ways is deeply ingrained into our culture. It is often easy to overlook the impact that culture has on how we feel about ourselves and bodies. Watching TV, reading magazines, newspapers, or surfing the internet it is all we see are airbrushed images of perfect bodies of women. Images of female bodies are everywhere. Women and their body parts sell everything from food to cars. As humans we absorb relentless message that beauty is the norm and the standards of beauty are being imposed on women. April 30, Monday — â€Å"Muslim Women in the New York Times 1980-2011: Liberalism, Feminism and Racism,† is a conference looking at examples of articles, photography and headlines in The New York Times that portray Muslim women in stereotypical and negative ways. Research will be presented by professors, doctoral students and recent graduates of the University of California, Davis. A complete conference schedule is available at:  http://sjoseph.ucdavis.edu/media-project/muslim-women-in-the-new-york-times-1980-2011-liberalism-feminism-and-racism. This event is free and open to the public. UC Davis Conference Center, Ballroom A (across from the Mondavi Center) on the UC Davis campus. Suad Joseph, founding director of the UC Davis Middle East/South Asia Studies Program and a professor of anthropology and women and gender studies, graduate students and recent graduates counted by hand and used computer-generated word counts of key words used in articles about Arab and Muslim Americans. They found systematic misrepresentation of Arabs, Arab Americans, Muslim Americans and Islam. The misrepresentation focused on Muslim women and the â€Å"veil.† The conference is co-sponsored by the UC Davis Department of Anthropology, Middle East/South Asia Studies Program and the Women and Gender Studies Program. The project is funded by the Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society, UC Berkeley. The center was founded in 2001 to better apply technologies to research throughout the UC system. Funding also was provided by the University of California Center for New Racial Studies (a multicampus, interdisciplinary program). The portrayal of women in Asian scary movies — The shift away from the â€Å"submissive, helpless, damsel in distress† character in scary movies is beginning to take place across the globe as well. Trencansky talks about how women are beginning to be portrayed as stronger more dominant characters that aggressively fight against whoever is haunting them instead of waiting for a man to save her. Two Asian movies, Shutter (which was adapted into an American film) and Alone embody dominant female characters, just like in Friday the 13th and Nightmare on Elm Street. Shutter was about a couple who notice that strange images keep appearing in the pictures that they take; the main female character determinedly goes on a discovery to find out what these strange images mean and comes to discover that it is actually the image of a ghost. After a lot of digging, she finds out that the ghost who is haunting them is a girl that her husband and some of his friends had harassed and murdered a few years ago. This woman is a portrayal of the â€Å"Final Girl† who actively solves the problem and prevents  this ghost from further haunting them. She is clearly a female who has â€Å"refused her assigned subordinate role† (68) by leaving her husband after she realizes what he has done and he is sent away to a mental institute. The woman who is haunting them, however, embodies a more submissive role as she is subject to harassment by three strong men. She comes back to haunt them because of this, proving that ghosts are psychologically disturbed. Women and the media in South Asia. Abstract PIP: This article gives a brief overview of women’s access to journalism and communication training, status of women in the media, their needs for development of skills, and portrayal of women in the media, in Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka. 5 authors from those countries contributed sections subdivided into each of these subheadings. In India, women have access to training, but their positions in the media are limited. They are often falsely stereotyped, sensationalized or exploited, or totally absent. In Sri Lanka, however, women are closer to being equal to men, in terms of training, hiring and employment, although they tend to work in women’s periodicals. Women are shown in most of the advertisements, and are generally portrayed as perpetually in pursuit of glamour, food, clothes and cosmetics. Media in Nepal are comparatively new; for example, television is only 1 year old. Therefore, opportunities for women are few, and men dominate the hierarchy. Women are portrayed in the media negatively or sensationally, and used extensively in commercials. Women’s position in Pakistan is limited in the cities by purdah and in rural areas by the feudal heritage, in which women are chattel. A minority of women are enrolled in journalism schools employed in the media: those are excelling. Women are often idealized, abused or caricatured as interested only in consumption. Women have recently entered the journalism profession in Bangladesh, now totalling 24 women. Mores do not permit women to work at night or on outside assignments. The media are liberal in Bangladesh, airing news about dowry abuse and female oppression openly. In most of the countries, women tend to work only until marriage, or afterward are limited by domestic duties. — The Unrealistic Portrayal of Women in the Media: Beauty and Body There are many levels of influence in our society and media plays a major role in dispensing influential images to us. Media comes in many forms, television, radio, newspapers, movies, and advertisements. The media is so intertwined in our lives that we do not truly comprehend on a conscious level how much influence it really has over us. Some of the images and messages we see and hear can be both positive and negative. More often than not, we are exposed to images that are so unrealistic and unattainable by the average person that we become discontented with our lives and ourselves. Images of luxury homes, cars, glamorous clothes, and glamorous body images make us more self-conscious of how we live and how we look. Based on the above observations and the information I have researched on this topic, the media has an incredible influence over the perceptions we have of ourselves. Historically, women have been more susceptible to stereotyping and marginalization than men. The history o f a woman’s ‘usefulness’ basically began with being a sexual plaything, a mother, and a caretaker. Prior to the 20th century, men saw women as people without a voice, caretakers of the family, or just objects of sexual desire. Although we have recognized the many talents of women through the decades of the past century, we still have much further to evolve in our thinking. I believe most women would like to be thought of as equals in our society, but we are too preoccupied with them being sexual objects. Advertisements have women selling everything from food to cars. We continue to see that women are the focus of most advertisements and the biggest selling point for the product being sold. At the same time, men continue to be the strong, handsome leader in both our families and our society as portrayed in the media images. Although there have been many strides, the stereotypes have remained consistent whereas the women are the sexual objects and the men are the decision makers in our society. There has been a consistent theme throughout the centuries where women have been thought of as the ‘lesser’ sex. They have always been thought to have lesser intelligence than men do. It was only in the early 1900’s that women were able to have a voice in our political elections with the right to vote. Unfortunately, the marginalization of women continues but is being exploited through a different venue – the media. The images portrayed in the past 30  years especially have been promoting the use of diets, exercise, and cosmetics for women to look and feel young. Aging, especially for women, has become a negative in our society. The media has perpetuated a society of unattainable goals for most women. The media industry as a whole is a multibillion dollar industry, and the fact that women are constantly being told that they need to look better, feeds into the bottom line of these industries selling the perfect image. It is a lose-lose situation for the American female. While women spend endless dollars on trying to perfect themselves, the companies that create the fantasy of the ideal female body, just keep getting richer. I believe women should be accepted for whom and what they are without trying to fit into some ideal that a male dominated corporation has created to expand their profit margins. Unfortunately, we as a society have bought into what the media have been selling and there seems to be no turning back. By focusing on the issues that have arisen from these media images and damage it has caused our female population, in particular our youth, it helps us learn about ourselves as a society and as a human race. This helps us to understand our expectations for one another, in a society where looks and image have become the most important part of the human existence. In learning about ourselves and examining these expectations, we examine the flaws within the society we have developed. We are all responsible for the effect that the media has on our young people, because not enough is being done to deter the false images that are being portrayed. Women more often than men are expected to live up to these media images of perfection. There are more diet ads for women than men both on television and in magazines. Celebrities are even contributing to the false images we see and hear by participating in makeup and diet advertising. We need to be more aware of the media messages being absorbed by our society with regard to body image. Unfortunately, as long as people are buying, the corporations will continue to sell their ideal body images to the public. We need to take a hard look at the fact that we, as a society, are enabling these corporations to dictate the ideal female image by buying into their perceptions. This leads to a female youth that is dissatisfied with her body, has low self-esteem, and in some cases develop eating disorders. We continue to walk a very dangerous path in our culture, where the female youth are the most vulnerable in defining their self-image and self-worth. These images of thinness continue to represent what the masses prefer to see when viewing television and magazine advertisements. This is what the advertisers claim sells products and so far it seems to work. If we could start thinking about what is reality as a collective society, then maybe we can also accept that reality without constantly trying to change it. These types of media images only perpetuate more insecurity as opposed to positive images about oneself. We need to accept people for how they look, no matter what they look like without trying to live up to some unrealistic image in the media. — Portrayal or Betrayal? How the media depicts women and girls NEW YORK – When Jan Floyd-Douglass decided to buy a new car, she bypassed suitable models from many different companies – and then wrote to tell them why. â€Å"I wrote to eight manufacturers saying, ‘I love your car but I didn’t buy it because I don’t like your advertisements because they demean women,'† said Ms. Floyd-Douglass. She told the story during a panel discussion titled â€Å"Portrayal or Betrayal: How the Media Depicts Women and Girls,† which was held 3 March 2010 at the UN offices of the Bahà ¡Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ­ International Community. The event was one of dozens of side events planned in conjunction with the annual session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, held 1-12 March 2010, which this year examined progress made for women since the 1995 Beijing conference. As a contribution to this theme, the panel sought to consider how images in the media – whether television, movies, or advertising – affect the way women are perceived and treated. Ms. Floyd-Douglass was joined by Michael Karlberg, an associate professor of communications at Western Washington University, and Sarah Kasule of the Mother’s Union in Uganda. The panel was moderated by Baroness Joyce Could, chair of the UK Women’s National Commission. Baroness Gould opened by noting that several recent studies have shown that images that objectify or demean women are now more widely used in the media than ever. Moreover, she said, those studies show that such â€Å"sexualized† images have an unhealthy impact on the psychological development of young girls – and on young boys. â€Å"It gives a very disturbing perception to girls and young women,† she said. â€Å"For girls, it is about being told they need to be more attractive to men. And for boys, it is about looking upon girls as sexual objects.† Dr. Karlberg  said this trend in the media is a result of both individual choices and institutional forces. â€Å"On one hand,† he said, â€Å"people everywhere are choosing to consume media that feeds base appetites that we have inherited from our animal nature. On the other hand, media institutions have been constructed in ways that purposefully stimulate, reinforce, and exploit these base appetites.† The result, he said, is a â€Å"feedback cycle† that has created a media environment that is â€Å"unjust, unhealthy, and unsustainable.† Dr. Karlberg said efforts to address the problem must consider the structure of media institutions. â€Å"The assumption is that the media is just another commodity,† he said. â€Å"But the media is not just another commodity. It is a process that facilitates democratic deliberations. It is a process that creates culture.† Part of the problem, he said, is that the media’s real product is not content but the delivery of an audience to advertisers. The result is that the media strives to manufacture audiences in the cheapest way possible. Media junk food â€Å"The cheapest way to manufacture audience is through a high sex, high violence, high conflict content. It doesn’t take talent or research or investigative journalism. Yet it stimulates the appetites, much the same way that a high salt, high sugar, and high fat junk food diet does.† Dr. Karlberg, who is a Bahà ¡Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ­, also discussed efforts the Bahà ¡Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ­ community has undertaken to offer moral education for children and young people, which he said can help to counter the ill effects of exposure to sexualized or violent images. â€Å"Bahà ¡Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ­s, like people everywhere, are struggling to raise and educate children,† he said. â€Å"They are trying to do this in a way that cultivates their inherent nobility, that releases their spiritual potential, and that helps them recognize the deep sources of purpose, meaning, and happiness in life. â€Å"Such spiritual education can be a very important factor in making children less susceptible to messages in their media environment. It is also a very important factor in making children more likely to make thoughtful choices about media consumption as they grow older,† said Dr. Karlberg. Ms. Floyd-Douglass said she considered her effort to write to various automobile manufacturers that use sexualized images of women in their advertising as one among many weapons in the battle against the problem of such images. Like the other panellists, she noted that such  images are so commonplace as to seem innocuous. Parents, she said, should explain the existence of such images to their children – and make efforts to counter their harmful effects. â€Å"We have to question stereotypes in the media. We have to laugh at them. â€Å"My message is, if we don’t actually do anything about this, we are complicit in it,† she said. Ms. Kasule said the problem is not confined to western countries. â€Å"In the African context, much of the time, the way women are depicted in the media is quite negative,† she said. â€Å"They are depicted as symbols of sex. Or as something to do with making men comfortable, or giving care.† There are some counter trends to the problem, she added. She described a national television project in Uganda that gives free air time for women to talk about things that matter to them and noted that educational levels for women and girls are rising. â€Å"There are many programs for girls to read and write. This is important because they will be able to access information, to access media reports, and then they can respond,† said Ms. Kasule. Media Portrayal of Women is Harmful BY CAITLIN CARTER The media’s portrayal of women and men is harmful to everyone, and college students are not exempt. Women are the more obvious victims of the misuse of sexuality. Advertisements on television, the Internet, and in magazines all over America use female sexuality to sell their products. Breasts, legs, and alluring faces sell beer, furniture, energy drinks, and even the woman’s sexuality itself. Women in sitcoms and reality television shows, such as â€Å"America’s Next Top Model,† represent a body type that very few women possess. According to the documentary â€Å"Killing Us Softly,† the average person spends three years of their life watching television commercials. Still, many people view themselves as unaffected. We see the effects every day. Recently, Nickelodeon’s Dora the Explorer underwent a â€Å"makeover,† from average child to sexed-up preteen. Have you noticed that within our lifetime, music videos have become more and more like cheap porn? Young adults reading Cosmopolitan or Seventeen may think they’re just learning about work-outs and skin care, but the subliminal message remains: meet this standard, or constantly be less than what you should be. This urgency is clearly evident in the ever-rising rates of eating disorders, and the level  of naivety and interest in them. Tons of feminists give lectures, write books, and make movies on the effect of female sexuality on women, but the topic of how the male sex in the media effects men is often blatantly ignored. Of course, the presence of women in the media is dominant, but this does not mean that sexualized men do not exist, nor that men don’t feel the pressure. Ever heard a friend voice a deep concern over his scrawniness? Have you been to Goolrick and seen the hordes of men lifting weights on any given day? Men see the huge Abercrombie ads, with almost naked, sweaty, built men – and they also see women drooling over them; just as women see men with Sports Illustrated calendars. As college students, many feel the pressure to look better than their best every time they go out on the weekend, and even when they’re only going to class, or to the Nest for a late-night snack. Although the media seems to be spiralling out of control, there is one thing that we can control: how much we internalize the messages it feeds us. Generate conversations with your family, your friends, co-workers or classmates. By simply raising the awareness of ourselves and others, we can realize that the image of the â€Å"ideal† woman or man is nearly impossible to achieve. If no one is immune to this never-ending craze for perfection and if everyone feels the pressures and angst to fit the desired role, is it really right for us to judge one another on the very issues we worry about ourselves? We can build each other up higher than these images can tear us down- a compliment goes a long way. Caitlin Carter is a junior. — Women And Negative Stereotypes: An End Before A Start By Divya Bhargava 06 July, 2009 Countercurrents.org We may be reluctant to believe that discrimination against individuals because of their sex, race, age, sexual orientation or health status still exist in institutions in most countries. We also may not want to accept the fact that sexual violence is common in all culture, that women are victims of rape, battering and sexual harassment each day, despite legislation  prohibiting such violence, common policing, workplace policies, counselling and training programs exist. Yet this is the reality for most women. The fact that individuals are likely to think of man when they hear a word surgeon illustrates how we all hold beliefs, attitudes, the stereotype that influence our perception of the world around us. Which sex do you associate with elementary school teacher? With model? With engineer? Most individuals still indicates that elementary school teachers are female, models are female, and engineers are male. Individuals also mark the occupation if they believe the sex of the person performing this job is typical. Stereotypes refer to individuals cognitions that typically do not correspond to reality. A stereotype is a picture in the head not an accurate mirror of the real world. Stereotypes occur when individuals are classifieds by others as having something in common because they are members of a particular group or category of people. Gender stereotypes are a psychological process which illustrates structured sets of beliefs about the personal attributes of men and women. An awareness of the contents of gender role stereotypes begins in the preschool years and is rather well-developed by the time children enter first grade. Parents are among the more important socializing agents for children in shaping values, beliefs and behaviours related to gender. Furthermore knowing the sex of the baby conjures up all kinds of personality characteristics and physical attributes even when these factors are not present in the child. Parents communicate their stereotypes to children in numerous ways. Boys are given building blocks, sports equipment and model vehicles. Girls, on the other hand, are encouraged to play with dolls, dolls houses and miniature household appliances. Cultural images of women:- Culture ideas, symbols, norms and values play a significant role in the creation of women images and the differentiation of gender roles. The purpose of the present article is to understand the images of femininity in Indian society from ancient to modern times. India, a heterogeneous society, presents conflicting women images. The normative model image of Indian womanhood has displayed remarkable consistency. Images of women have not remained static and have undergone numerous changes. However, certain basic models have widespread acceptance. Various cultural images of women:- Pativrata- unconditional devotion to husband, Glorified Motherhood, Bharat  Mata Image. First at the societal plane, the perception of different categories of women is distinctly shaped/conditioned by the popularly accepted female images/stereotypes. Secondly, at the interpersonal level within the family situation, these images frequently impinge in a variety of ways. Indian girls grow up with deep rooted sense of fear and insecurity which not only restricts their social mobility in the mundane day to day life but also often psychologically cripples them to face the hardships of life in general and resist gender based discrimination in particular. These gender dichotomies, flowing almost directly from the popular images fostered most significantly, these images in most Indian families. Thirdly, and perhaps most significantly, these images leave a deep imprint upon women’s self-perception. Women in Advertisement:- Advertising has been a prime target of attack and scrutiny. The basic explanation for the critical focus on sex role portrayal in advertising lies in the close relationship, which exists between advertising, the consumer goods industry and the crucial economic role of women as consumers. Generally it is shown in advertisement a woman’s goal in life is to attract and attain a man:-women are shown in advertising as always young and attractive. They are frequently depicted as sexual objects. Women in advertisements are restricted to the home and isolated from other women outside home, man is her favourite companion. Domesticity is the second role of two dimensional image of femininity in advertising. Sex Stereotyping in the Media:- Far more dangerous than the overtly obscene advertisements are the sexual stereotypes that are found in different media. The Indian version of sex stereotyping would have all women behaving like mythological sita and savitri- docile, submissive, sacrificing, sentimental, superstitious, and incapable of rational action, their primary duty being wives, companions and devoted mothers. Films are the largest disseminators of stereotyped images. They have a package formula for women: the latter are shown as traditional, truly Indian women, who are devoted, son producing wives etc. so far women’s protests and criticisms have not had much effect on the commercial Hindi film industry. Television also perpetuates sex stereotypes. In it’s a  woman’s world all that has happened is that the traditional sitas and savitris have given way gracefully to an alien creature who is new role model for the Indian woman who has the best of both worlds, is economically independent, progressive, ambitious and very very feminine. What is being peddled here is grotesque caricatured western lifestyle which is quite far removed from the average Indian woman’s struggle to survive totally negating and never questioning her reality. Even though 60% of women are involved in agriculture, radio programmes for the rural areas are only directed to men. Women’s programmes almost never discuss technology, banking facilities, new laws or any such issues. Consequences of Negative Stereotype and sexism for the individual:- Society suppresses the choices of males and females through cultural tyranny. The socialization process forces males and females into behavioural modes, personality characteristics, and occupational roles deemed appropriate by society. Most important, these constraints bring about system that is biased in favour of males. Men have the opportunity to develop their talents while women may only within a severely limited range. The consequences are as follows:- Relative Powerlessness of Women, Limited Range of Occupations for Women, Loss of Academic Potential for Women, Lack of Respect for Women’s Abilities, Low Self-esteem among Women, Trials of the Aging Women. Women Studies:- Research interests in women have not only gained momentum since, 1970, but the stance and areas of researches have also significantly changed. Women’s position has worsened considerably in almost every sphere with the exception of some gains in education and employment for middle class women. What is worst, there has been growing violence against women. Women’s studies can be classified into 5 broad categories:- Studies on Women’s Problems, Studies on Changing Status of Women, Studies on Different Aspects of Women’s Life, Studies on Women’s Organization and Movements in India, Studies on Conceptual, Ideological and Methodological Issue Involved in Research on Women. Given the various waves of women’s studies, it would be in order to demonstrate the specific concerned of researchers in social, economic and political dimensions. In the social dimension, a large numbers of factors  were emphasized as the cause of women’s subordination a nd low status in society. The marriage and family found utmost attention, for; the private sphere has been considered as one of the root causes of women’s problems. The abhorrent customs that attracted attention of scholars are infanticide, prostitution, purdah, dowry and divorce. These studies examined the legislations made towards eradication of these evils and highlighted their shortcomings in tackling the problems. Education of women is another popular theme, studies directed towards the status of rural women’s education- both formal and non-formal, revealed very disturbing trends. The illiteracy is more rampant among women than among men. The women have been prey to various constraints in pursuing their education, for, many girls act as surrogate mothers, share household responsibilities at an early age, assume other sex roles, and confront parent’s apathy or reluctance resulting in drop out of many girls from schools. While it was expected that education will give more employment to women, it is creating more unemployment among married women graduates as compared to women as a whole. Without providing any alternative, women’s education was found eroding the traditional parental ties. Health problems of women are another area which attracted attention of scholars. The studies reported the poor health condition of women due to poor access to health services and lack of nutritional diet. In the economic dimension, three themes have attracted attention of scholars; women’s employment, their participation in development, and impact of technology on them. In the political dimension it has been summarized that women suffer from powerlessness. Women laws in India:- 1. Constitution of India 1950 2. Penal Laws 3. Family Laws 4. Labour Laws 5. Human Rights and Women Legal Aid 6. Domestic Violence Act 2005 7. The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956 8. Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971 9. Hindu Succession Act 1956 and Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act 2005 10. Special Marriage Act 1955 11. Child Marriage Act 1929 12. Hindu’s Widow Remarriage Act 1865 13. Custody of child- Hindu, Muslim, Parsi and Christian Laws 14. Adoption of child- Hindu, Muslim, Parsi and Christian Laws 15. Maintence- Hindu, Muslim, Parsi and Christian Laws 16. Guardianship- Hindu, Muslim, Parsi and Christian Laws Conclusion:- In summary, then, the preceding analysis of some of the selected socio-demographic, legal, educational, economic, political and socio-cultural indicators on the situation of women reveals that even after four decades of assiduous effort women’s condition continues to be miserable and they still confront immense problems in all these domains of life. However, recent international and national spectacular developments have turned the attitude of society towards women and women’s perception of their own situation. Consequent upon these efforts and development, a spate of women’s studies in different directions were made which inter alia raised new question on Women Question. References:- Studies By:- 1 .Ashmore, 1998 2. Deaux and Kite, 1993 3. Doyle and Paludi, 1998 4. Heyman and Legare, 2004 5. Indian Past, 10.7.1988 6. Forum Against Oppression Of Women In The Media Committee, New Delhi 7. Women’s Organization In Bombay (1985), Patna Conference (1988) 8. Krithi (1985) 9. Bhasin K. and Agarwal B. eds. 1984 10. Quotation in the Feminine Gender by Bibekananda Das and L.N. Dash (pg. 154-159) 11. Neera Desai – Women Studies in India Divya Bhargava is a law student in Bangalore